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metallurgy question
Aluminum has the characteristic of being able to be bent to a position
to hold its form, pretty much one time, and only to a certain extent in that shape. When you bend it back, stress cracks occur, and even breakage. I'm only thinking of the context of cold-working, not forging or hot working. I seem to remember the reason for the crack and breakage upon attempting a second manipulation was that the initial bend in cold working sets up a crystalline structure, and subsequent working essentially breaks the structure. Do I have that right? I'm looking for the applicable terms: Please correct me if I'm wrong. Is it the modulus of elasticity that is the overall characteristic that I'm referring to? What is the term used for the initial bend (if there is one)? and what is the name of the stress factor that occurs after the second attempt at working the part? |
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#2
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metallurgy question
zencycle wrote:
Aluminum has the characteristic of being able to be bent to a position to hold its form, pretty much one time, and only to a certain extent in that shape. When you bend it back, stress cracks occur, and even breakage. by absolutely no means is that unique to aluminum. I'm only thinking of the context of cold-working, not forging or hot working. I seem to remember the reason for the crack and breakage upon attempting a second manipulation was that the initial bend in cold working sets up a crystalline structure, and subsequent working essentially breaks the structure. Do I have that right? no. there are many concepts above this, but basically, engineering metal alloys are crystalline. when the crystals are deformed with work, they accommodate that deformation by increasing defect density within the crystal structure. and there is a limit to the amount of defect density it can tolerate before rupture occurs. whether through cold work or through the chemical changes that occur in aging, the ductility limit is what is being experienced. that some alloys appear to be more ductile than others in this case is a function of initial state vs. final state. if the initial state were further away from the rupture condition, you would indeed be able to deform the component many times before failure. bendy foam tie-downs for example have a highly ductile aluminum wire in them for instance - and that wire is simply a long way off from its full work harness. many bike components however are up near their ultimate limit and thus have limited ability to accommodate more deformation. and if they did, they'd be weaker. I'm looking for the applicable terms: Please correct me if I'm wrong. Is it the modulus of elasticity that is the overall characteristic that I'm referring to? no, "ductility" is the term you need. What is the term used for the initial bend (if there is one)? and what is the name of the stress factor that occurs after the second attempt at working the part? see above. many aluminum parts either naturally age and harden or are artificially aged to harden them. this occurs after forming. increasing hardness means decreasing ductility. |
#3
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metallurgy question
jim beam wrote:
zencycle wrote: Aluminum has the characteristic of being able to be bent to a position to hold its form, pretty much one time, and only to a certain extent in that shape. When you bend it back, stress cracks occur, and even breakage. by absolutely no means is that unique to aluminum. I'm only thinking of the context of cold-working, not forging or hot working. I seem to remember the reason for the crack and breakage upon attempting a second manipulation was that the initial bend in cold working sets up a crystalline structure, and subsequent working essentially breaks the structure. Do I have that right? no. there are many concepts above this, but basically, engineering metal alloys are crystalline. when the crystals are deformed with work, they accommodate that deformation by increasing defect density within the crystal structure. that effect is called "ductility". and there is a limit to the amount of defect density it can tolerate before rupture occurs. whether through cold work or through the chemical changes that occur in aging, the ductility limit is what is being experienced. that some alloys appear to be more ductile than others in this case is a function of initial state vs. final state. if the initial state were further away from the rupture condition, you would indeed be able to deform the component many times before failure. bendy foam tie-downs for example have a highly ductile aluminum wire in them for instance - and that wire is simply a long way off from its full work harness. many bike components however are up near their ultimate limit and thus have limited ability to accommodate more deformation. and if they did, they'd be weaker. I'm looking for the applicable terms: Please correct me if I'm wrong. Is it the modulus of elasticity that is the overall characteristic that I'm referring to? no, "ductility" is the term you need. What is the term used for the initial bend (if there is one)? and what is the name of the stress factor that occurs after the second attempt at working the part? see above. many aluminum parts either naturally age and harden or are artificially aged to harden them. this occurs after forming. increasing hardness means decreasing ductility. |
#4
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metallurgy question
On Jun 6, 12:28 pm, zencycle wrote:
Aluminum has the characteristic of being able to be bent to a position to hold its form, pretty much one time, and only to a certain extent in that shape. When you bend it back, stress cracks occur, and even breakage. I'm only thinking of the context of cold-working, not forging or hot working. I seem to remember the reason for the crack and breakage upon attempting a second manipulation was that the initial bend in cold working sets up a crystalline structure, and subsequent working essentially breaks the structure. Do I have that right? I'm looking for the applicable terms: Please correct me if I'm wrong. Is it the modulus of elasticity that is the overall characteristic that I'm referring to? What is the term used for the initial bend (if there is one)? and what is the name of the stress factor that occurs after the second attempt at working the part? The modulus of elasticity is how much the material bends or elongates per applied force. That is not quite what you are talking about. A material that can take a significant plastic deformation without cracking or breaking is called ductile; the opposite is brittle. The decrease in ductility after the first bend is due to "work hardening." Work hardening increases yield strength and decreases ductility. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_hardening Ben |
#5
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metallurgy question
On Jun 6, 11:06 pm, jim beam wrote:
zencycle wrote: Aluminum has the characteristic of being able to be bent to a position by absolutely no means is that unique to aluminum. I didn't write or imply that it was no. there are many concepts above this, but basically, engineering ........ limited ability to accommodate more deformation. and if they did, they'd be weaker. Thank you for the rest, it was helpful. |
#6
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metallurgy question
Thanks ben, this was _most_ helpful
On Jun 7, 12:07 am, " wrote: On Jun 6, 12:28 pm, zencycle wrote: Aluminum has the characteristic of being able to be bent to a position to hold its form, pretty much one time, and only to a certain extent in that shape. When you bend it back, stress cracks occur, and even breakage. I'm only thinking of the context of cold-working, not forging or hot working. I seem to remember the reason for the crack and breakage upon attempting a second manipulation was that the initial bend in cold working sets up a crystalline structure, and subsequent working essentially breaks the structure. Do I have that right? I'm looking for the applicable terms: Please correct me if I'm wrong. Is it the modulus of elasticity that is the overall characteristic that I'm referring to? What is the term used for the initial bend (if there is one)? and what is the name of the stress factor that occurs after the second attempt at working the part? The modulus of elasticity is how much the material bends or elongates per applied force. That is not quite what you are talking about. A material that can take a significant plastic deformation without cracking or breaking is called ductile; the opposite is brittle. The decrease in ductility after the first bend is due to "work hardening." Work hardening increases yield strength and decreases ductility. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_hardening Ben |
#7
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metallurgy question
On Jun 6, 3:28 pm, zencycle wrote:
Aluminum has the characteristic of being able to be bent to a position to hold its form, pretty much one time, and only to a certain extent in that shape. When you bend it back, stress cracks occur, and even breakage. I'm only thinking of the context of cold-working, not forging or hot working. I seem to remember the reason for the crack and breakage upon attempting a second manipulation was that the initial bend in cold working sets up a crystalline structure, and subsequent working essentially breaks the structure. Do I have that right? I'm looking for the applicable terms: Please correct me if I'm wrong. Is it the modulus of elasticity that is the overall characteristic that I'm referring to? What is the term used for the initial bend (if there is one)? and what is the name of the stress factor that occurs after the second attempt at working the part? Zencycle : Hope this helps. Devote sometime to reading this : http://spokesmanbicycles.com/page.cfm?pageID=330 Ron http://cozybeehive.blogspot.com |
#8
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metallurgy question
On Jun 6, 3:28 pm, zencycle wrote:
Aluminum has the characteristic of being able to be bent to a position to hold its form, pretty much one time, and only to a certain extent in that shape. When you bend it back, stress cracks occur, and even breakage. You've gotten some good explanations. Let me chip in a couple practical examples. Don't make too much of the idea that "when you bend it back, stress cracks occur, and even breakage." They certainly may not. I've straightened a bent (integral, not removable) derailleur hanger on my wife's Cannondale, and a bent alloy crank arm on one of my son's bikes. Both are doing fine, long after the re-bending. (Of course, the hanger is a very low stress part.) I've also reshaped the aluminum hanger for the handlebar bag I made. The hanger is one of those that loops under the stem, over the bars, and cantilevers forward. This is the largest bar bag I've ever seen, and it's been heavily loaded many times since 1978. The hanger's 3/8" diameter 2024 aluminum, heat treated T4 after fabrication. After many, many bends and twists, it's never cracked. Loosely speaking, the closer a metal gets to it's bleeding edge of maximum possible strength, the less the ductility it has, and the more chance of cracks if you do deform it. But many parts aren't very close to that edge, and can easily stand some moderate deformation. - Frank Krygowski |
#9
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metallurgy question
In article
, " wrote: On Jun 6, 12:28 pm, zencycle wrote: Aluminum has the characteristic of being able to be bent to a position to hold its form, pretty much one time, and only to a certain extent in that shape. When you bend it back, stress cracks occur, and even breakage. I'm only thinking of the context of cold-working, not forging or hot working. I seem to remember the reason for the crack and breakage upon attempting a second manipulation was that the initial bend in cold working sets up a crystalline structure, and subsequent working essentially breaks the structure. Do I have that right? I'm looking for the applicable terms: Please correct me if I'm wrong. Is it the modulus of elasticity that is the overall characteristic that I'm referring to? What is the term used for the initial bend (if there is one)? and what is the name of the stress factor that occurs after the second attempt at working the part? The modulus of elasticity is how much the material bends or elongates per applied force. Not quite. It is elongation per applied force per area of applied force. Modulus of elasticity is stress/strain. Strain is force applied per area. Stress is amount of deformation. Elastic modulus is a 2-tensor of dimension 3. 9 components. The diagonal components give deformation normal to a coordinate plane given force applied normal to the coordinate planes. The six off diagonal components give shear deformation for force applied parallel to coordinate planes. The 9 components could all be different from each other. -- Michael Press |
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