Children should wear bicycle helmets.

According to peer-reviewed, medical journal published doctors,
neurosurgeons, and research scientists from around the world, a
properly fitted bicycle helmet helps reduce serious head injury among
children.


The source:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed


Search criteria:

"bicycle helmets" "head injuries" children


Results:

1: Chapman HR, Curran AL.
Bicycle helmets--does the dental profession have a role in promoting
their use?
Br Dent J. 2004 May 8;196(9):555-60; discussion 539. Review.
PMID: 15131627 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

2: Hansen KS, Engesaeter LB, Viste A.
Protective effect of different types of bicycle helmets.
Traffic Inj Prev. 2003 Dec;4(4):285-90.
PMID: 14630577 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

3: Cook A, Sheikh A.
Trends in serious head injuries among English cyclists and
pedestrians.
Inj Prev. 2003 Sep;9(3):266-7.
PMID: 12966018 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

4: Novick LF, Wojtowycz M, Morrow CB, Sutphen SM.
Bicycle helmet effectiveness in preventing injury and death.
Am J Prev Med. 2003 May;24(4 Suppl):143-9.
PMID: 12744996 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

5: Coffman S.
Bicycle injuries and safety helmets in children. Review of research.
Orthop Nurs. 2003 Jan-Feb;22(1):9-15. Review.
PMID: 12640947 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

6: Taylor M, Scuffham P.
New Zealand bicycle helmet law--do the costs outweigh the benefits?
Inj Prev. 2002 Dec;8(4):317-20.
PMID: 12460970 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

7: Larsen LB.
[The importance of the use of bicycle helmets for head injuries
among injured bicyclists aged 0-15 years]
Ugeskr Laeger. 2002 Oct 28;164(44):5115-9. Danish.
PMID: 12448154 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

8: Leblanc JC, Beattie TL, Culligan C.
Effect of legislation on the use of bicycle helmets.
CMAJ. 2002 Mar 5;166(5):592-5.
PMID: 11898937 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

9: American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Injury and Poison
Prevention..
Bicycle helmets.
Pediatrics. 2001 Oct;108(4):1030-2.
PMID: 11581464 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

10: Kopjar B.
Population preventable fraction of bicycle related head injuries.
Inj Prev. 2000 Sep;6(3):235-8.
PMID: 11003193 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

11: Stanken BA.
Promoting helmet use among children.
J Community Health Nurs. 2000 Summer;17(2):85-92. Review.
PMID: 10846294 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

12: Gilchrist J, Schieber RA, Leadbetter S, Davidson SC.
Police enforcement as part of a comprehensive bicycle helmet
program.
Pediatrics. 2000 Jul;106(1 Pt 1):6-9.
PMID: 10878141 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

13: Alvaer K, Kopjar B.
[A potential for prevention of bicycling-related head injuries]
Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2000 Jun 30;120(17):1955-9. Norwegian.
PMID: 11008524 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

14: Kopjar B, Wickizer TM.
Age gradient in the cost-effectiveness of bicycle helmets.
Prev Med. 2000 May;30(5):401-6.
PMID: 10845749 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

15: Hendrickson SG, Becker H.
Reducing one source of pediatric head injuries.
Pediatr Nurs. 2000 Mar-Apr;26(2):159-62.
PMID: 12026269 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

16: Loubeau PR.
Exploration of the barriers to bicycle helmet use among 12 and 13
year old children.
Accid Anal Prev. 2000 Jan;32(1):111-5. Erratum in: Accid Anal Prev
2001 Jul;33(4):567.
PMID: 10576681 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

17: MacKenzie EJ.
Epidemiology of injuries: current trends and future challenges.
Epidemiol Rev. 2000;22(1):112-9. Review.
PMID: 10939015 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

18: Rivara FP, Astley SJ, Clarren SK, Thompson DC, Thompson RS.
Fit of bicycle safety helmets and risk of head injuries in children.
Inj Prev. 1999 Sep;5(3):194-7.
PMID: 10518266 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

19: Welander G, Ekman R, Svanstrom L, Schelp L, Karlsson A.
Bicycle injuries in Western Sweden: a comparison between counties.
Accid Anal Prev. 1999 Jan-Mar;31(1-2):13-9.
PMID: 10084614 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

20: Puranik S, Long J, Coffman S.
Profile of pediatric bicycle injuries.
South Med J. 1998 Nov;91(11):1033-7.
PMID: 9824185 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

21: Shafi S, Gilbert JC, Loghmanee F, Allen JE, Caty MG, Glick PL,
Carden S, Azizkhan RG.
Impact of bicycle helmet safety legislation on children admitted to
a regional pediatric trauma center.
J Pediatr Surg. 1998 Feb;33(2):317-21.
PMID: 9498409 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

22: Watts D, O'Shea N, Flynn E, Trask A, Kelleher D.
Effect of a bicycle safety program and free bicycle helmet
distribution on the use of bicycle helmets by elementary school
children.
J Emerg Nurs. 1997 Oct;23(5):417-9.
PMID: 9369604 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

23: Ching RP, Thompson DC, Thompson RS, Thomas DJ, Chilcott WC,
Rivara FP.
Damage to bicycle helmets involved with crashes.
Accid Anal Prev. 1997 Sep;29(5):555-62.
PMID: 9316704 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

24: Powell EC, Tanz RR, DiScala C.
Bicycle-related injuries among preschool children.
Ann Emerg Med. 1997 Sep;30(3):260-5.
PMID: 9287885 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

25: Ekman R, Schelp L, Welander G, Svanstrom L.
Can a combination of local, regional and national information
substantially increase bicycle-helmet wearing and reduce injuries?
Experiences from Sweden.
Accid Anal Prev. 1997 May;29(3):321-8.
PMID: 9183470 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

26: Thompson DC, Nunn ME, Thompson RS, Rivara FP.
Effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets in preventing serious facial
injury.
JAMA. 1996 Dec 25;276(24):1974-5.
PMID: 8971067 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

27: Thompson DC, Rivara FP, Thompson RS.
Effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets in preventing head injuries.
A case-control study.
JAMA. 1996 Dec 25;276(24):1968-73.
PMID: 8971066 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

28: Vulcan P, Lane J.
Bicycle helmets reduce head injuries and should be worn by all.
Inj Prev. 1996 Dec;2(4):251-2. No abstract available.
PMID: 9346102 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

29: Sosin DM, Sacks JJ, Webb KW.
Pediatric head injuries and deaths from bicycling in the United
States.
Pediatrics. 1996 Nov;98(5):868-70.
PMID: 8909479 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

30: Foltin E.
[Pediatric and adolescent accident victims (ICD-E 800 to 829) in
Austria 1980 to 1989]
Unfallchirurgie. 1996 Jun;22(3):99-109. German.
PMID: 8767380 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

31: Jaffe B, Tamir D.
Bicycle helmets in Israel: observed change in usage following a
nationwide campaign.
Isr J Med Sci. 1996 Feb;32(2):135-7.
PMID: 8631651 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

32: Hansen P, Scuffham PA.
The cost-effectiveness of compulsory bicycle helmets in New Zealand.
Aust J Public Health. 1995 Oct;19(5):450-4.
PMID: 8713192 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

33: Rouzier P, Alto WA.
Evolution of a successful community bicycle helmet campaign.
J Am Board Fam Pract. 1995 Jul-Aug;8(4):283-7.
PMID: 7572292 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

34: Hatziandreu EJ, Sacks JJ, Brown R, Taylor WR, Rosenberg ML,
Graham JD.
The cost effectiveness of three programs to increase use of bicycle
helmets among children.
Public Health Rep. 1995 May-Jun;110(3):251-9.
PMID: 7610212 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

35: [No authors listed]
Injury control recommendations for bicycle helmets. Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention.
J Sch Health. 1995 Apr;65(4):133-9.
PMID: 7603050 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

36: Zavoski R, Lapidus G, Lerer T, Banco L.
Bicycle injury in Connecticut.
Conn Med. 1995 Jan;59(1):3-9.
PMID: 7859445 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

37: Hirasing RA, Verloove-Vanhorick SP, van Kampen LT.
[Bicycle accidents in children in The Netherlands in 1990/1991; time
for bicycle helmets]
Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1994 Nov 12;138(46):2315-8. Dutch.
PMID: 7969627 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

38: Thomas S, Acton C, Nixon J, Battistutta D, Pitt WR, Clark R.
Effectiveness of bicycle helmets in preventing head injury in
children: case-control study.
BMJ. 1994 Jan 15;308(6922):173-6.
PMID: 8312768 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

39: Weiss BD.
Bicycle-related head injuries.
Clin Sports Med. 1994 Jan;13(1):99-112. Review.
PMID: 8111859 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

40: Silverberg D, Meer A, Silvinger E, Gross M, Feldman S.
Head injuries after serious bicycle accidents.
Eur J Epidemiol. 1992 Nov;8(6):826-31.
PMID: 1294387 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

41: Cote TR, Sacks JJ, Lambert-Huber DA, Dannenberg AL, Kresnow MJ,
Lipsitz CM, Schmidt ER.
Bicycle helmet use among Maryland children: effect of legislation
and education.
Pediatrics. 1992 Jun;89(6 Pt 2):1216-20.
PMID: 1594379 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

42: Otis J, Lesage D, Godin G, Brown B, Farley C, Lambert J.
Predicting and reinforcing children's intentions to wear protective
helmets while bicycling.
Public Health Rep. 1992 May-Jun;107(3):283-9.
PMID: 1594738 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

43: Hansen TB.
[Cranial injuries in children in the county of Ringkobing. 3.
Analysis of fatal accidents]
Ugeskr Laeger. 1991 Oct 14;153(42):2950-1. Danish.
PMID: 1949321 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

44: Morris BA, Trimble NE.
Promotion of bicycle helmet use among schoolchildren: a randomized
clinical trial.
Can J Public Health. 1991 Mar-Apr;82(2):92-4.
PMID: 2049711 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

45: Halpern JS.
Bicycle helmets for children.
J Emerg Nurs. 1990 Jan-Feb;16(1):36-40.
PMID: 2406494 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

46: Lyng KM.
[Bicycle accidents in preschool children]
Ugeskr Laeger. 1989 May 29;151(22):1378-80. Danish.
PMID: 2734936 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

47: Sargent JD, Peck MG, Weitzman M.
Bicycle-mounted child seats. Injury risk and prevention.
Am J Dis Child. 1988 Jul;142(7):765-7.
PMID: 3381780 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

48: Wood T, Milne P.
Head injuries to pedal cyclists and the promotion of helmet use in
Victoria, Australia.
Accid Anal Prev. 1988 Jun;20(3):177-85.
PMID: 3382495 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

49: Weiss BD.
Prevention of bicycle-related head injuries.
Am J Prev Med. 1986 Nov-Dec;2(6):330-3.
PMID: 3453198 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]











Tony Hogarty wrote:

Path: newssvr11.news.prodigy.com!newsswing.news.prodigy. com!prodigy.net!newsmst01a.news.prodigy.com!prodig y.com!news.glorb.com!news.zanker.org!nntp-peering.plus.net!ptn-nntp-feeder01.plus.net!ptn-nntp-spool01.plus.net!ptn-nntp-reader01.plus.net!not-for-mail
From: Tony Hogarty
Subject: Children should wear bicycle helmets.
Date: Tue, 30 Nov 2004 10:29:26 +0000
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On Tue, 30 Nov 2004 09:55:42 +0000, MSeries wrote:

Trolls should sit on my finger and whistle Nessum Dorma

plonk

Sure I couldn't agree more but please snip the inane drivel they write
before you post so we don't have to see it all again.

--
Regards

Tony Hogarty
(Take out the garbage to reply)

John Doe wrote in message .. .
(Dave Kahn) wrote:

Time to stop feeding this tedious troll I think. For refutations see
replies to earlier identical postings in recent threads.

Troll.

Exactly.

--
Dave...

On Tue, 30 Nov 2004 03:21:57 GMT, John Doe
wrote:

According to peer-reviewed, medical journal published doctors,
neurosurgeons, and research scientists from around the world, a
properly fitted bicycle helmet helps reduce serious head injury among
children.

And according to others, they don't. Which is right?

Let's look at the experience of countries which have used legislation
to force helmet use up. Oh! No change in head injury rates! There's
your answer, then.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed

"bicycle helmets" "head injuries" children

Also pulls up studies which disagree. The BDJ study is a
classic: it accepts that helmets prevent dental injuries. How,
exactly?

Guy
--
May contain traces of irony. Contents liable to settle after posting.
http://www.chapmancentral.co.uk

88% of helmet statistics are made up, 65% of them at Washington University

On Tue, 30 Nov 2004 09:48:48 GMT, John Doe
wrote:

Troll.

That is what Dave said, yes. So we have finally found a concept so
simple that even you can understand it.

Guy
--
May contain traces of irony. Contents liable to settle after posting.
http://www.chapmancentral.co.uk

88% of helmet statistics are made up, 65% of them at Washington University

On Tue, 30 Nov 2004 10:38:53 GMT, John Doe
wrote:

According to peer-reviewed, medical journal published doctors,
neurosurgeons, and research scientists from around the world, a
properly fitted bicycle helmet helps reduce serious head injury among
children.

According to peer-reviewed Usenet published doctors, research
scientists, engineers and cycling experts, you are a pointless waste
of space.

Guy
--
May contain traces of irony. Contents liable to settle after posting.
http://www.chapmancentral.co.uk

88% of helmet statistics are made up, 65% of them at Washington University

On Tue, 30 Nov 2004 09:45:33 +0000 someone who may be Peter Clinch
wrote this:-

Though you accuse people here of having a "religion", it's
your actions that have all the hallmarks. Rather than shout "heresy"
when someone disagrees with you, you shout "troll", and you try and
"prove" your point by just reciting the same mantra from your prophets
without ever questioning them.

You need to understand religion rather better before making such
sweeping statements. What you describe is not religion, but the
actions of zealots. Cults and suicide bombers are not representative
of religion in general. If you think religion does not involve
questioning things then you have a lot to learn.

I could add that science is another religion, though its adherents
usually fail to see that. There are at least as great a proportion
of zealots in this religion as there are in the more well known
religions.


--
David Hansen, Edinburgh | PGP email preferred-key number F566DA0E
I will always explain revoked keys, unless the UK government
prevents me by using the RIP Act 2000.

David Hansen wrote:

You need to understand religion rather better before making such
sweeping statements. What you describe is not religion, but the
actions of zealots. Cults and suicide bombers are not representative
of religion in general. If you think religion does not involve
questioning things then you have a lot to learn.

I could add that science is another religion, though its adherents
usually fail to see that. There are at least as great a proportion
of zealots in this religion as there are in the more well known
religions.

You could add that, and it seems you have done so, but it would not make
it correct. There is a fundamental qualitiative distinction between
science and religion. I'd have to agree that its easy to find people who
talk in favour of science by using quasi-religious arguments. They say
they support science, but it is apparent they do not understand it. That
is unfortunate. But there is a vast difference between belief based on
faith and authority, and seeking to improve one's understanding of the
world through empirical tests of theories about the world.

Note that an empirical test does not prove that a theory is true. It
either shows it is false or shows that it satisfies that test. Any
scientific theory is available to be thrown down at any time by any
scientist who can find a test that does that. Religions do not even come
close to admitting such a challenge to any of their fundamental tenets
[1], most of which are beyond being tested anyway.

This is why so many regulars on this group get nowhere with the
pro-helmet people. The arguments that helmets don't work are based on
scientific principles, of taking empirical evidence and using it to test
the theory that helmets a good thing for the health and safety of
cyclists. The pro-helmet arguments are full of faith ("I know helmets
work, it's obvious") and a consistent refusal to engage with and analyse
the empirical facts.

[1] At least, that is my theory; feel free to falsify it with a
counter-example.
--
Joe * If I cannot be free I'll be cheap

David Hansen wrote:

You need to understand religion rather better before making such
sweeping statements. What you describe is not religion, but the
actions of zealots. Cults and suicide bombers are not representative
of religion in general. If you think religion does not involve
questioning things then you have a lot to learn.

A fair comment up to a point, but only up to a point. Religion does
require a degree of pure faith that is beyond question. I can't do
that, which is why I'm an agnostic (note that I am not an atheist, which
requires a level of certainty in belief itself).

I could add that science is another religion, though its adherents
usually fail to see that. There are at least as great a proportion
of zealots in this religion as there are in the more well known
religions.

But to fire your own point back at you, what you describe is not
science, but the actions of zealots, and not really representative of
science itself. Science is ultimately answering questions about the
physical nature of reality with reproducible observations. It should be
at least theoretically possible for anyone with the relevant grey matter
and access to apparatus to demonstrate any point of accepted science to
their own satisfaction if they are objective. The same is not true of
religion, which requires a leap of faith (literally and necessarily) to
accept the unprovable. Science deals with nature and provides a
mechanism to try and understand it, while religion deals with
supernatural and metaphysical issues. Science is not a religion to
anyone who understands what it is, as it cannot properly deal with
metaphysical issues.

Pete.
--
Peter Clinch Medical Physics IT Officer
Tel 44 1382 660111 ext. 33637 Univ. of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital
Fax 44 1382 640177 Dundee DD1 9SY Scotland UK
net http://www.dundee.ac.uk/~pjclinch/

On Wed, 01 Dec 2004 13:28:22 +0000 someone who may be JLB
wrote this:-

there is a vast difference between belief based on
faith and authority, and seeking to improve one's understanding of the
world through empirical tests of theories about the world.

You make them sound mutually exclusive. However, the Roman Catholic
Church maintains a small staff improving understanding through
empirical tests of physical things. IIRC they do a lot of astronomy,
amongst other things.

Note that an empirical test does not prove that a theory is true. It
either shows it is false or shows that it satisfies that test. Any
scientific theory is available to be thrown down at any time by any
scientist who can find a test that does that. Religions do not even come
close to admitting such a challenge to any of their fundamental tenets
[1], most of which are beyond being tested anyway.

May I respectfully suggest that your knowledge of religion is not up
to date. To take Christianity as an example one can look at such
challenges being discussed by theologians 100 odd years ago, put
into books 50 odd years ago and still being discussed today. There
are of course religious people who crave the certainty of simple
ideas, but that does not mean all religious people crave that.


--
David Hansen, Edinburgh | PGP email preferred-key number F566DA0E
I will always explain revoked keys, unless the UK government
prevents me by using the RIP Act 2000.

David Hansen wrote:
On Wed, 01 Dec 2004 13:28:22 +0000 someone who may be JLB
wrote this:-


there is a vast difference between belief based on
faith and authority, and seeking to improve one's understanding of the
world through empirical tests of theories about the world.


You make them sound mutually exclusive. However, the Roman Catholic
Church maintains a small staff improving understanding through
empirical tests of physical things. IIRC they do a lot of astronomy,
amongst other things.

The Vatican Observatory, now based in Tucson, Arizona as well as Rome:

http://clavius.as.arizona.edu/vo/R1024/VO.html

Colin